Bagel

A bagel (Yiddish: בײגל, romanized: beygl; Polish: bajgiel [ˈbajɡʲɛl]; also spelled beigel) is a bread roll originating in the Jewish communities of Poland. Bagels are traditionally made from yeasted wheat dough that is shaped by hand into a torus or ring, briefly boiled in water, and then baked. The result is a dense, chewy, doughy interior with a browned and sometimes crisp exterior.

Yudane

Tangzhong (Chinese: 湯種; pinyin: tāngzhǒng; [tʰáŋʈʂʊ̌ŋ]), also known as a water roux or yu-dane (Japanese: 湯種, romanized: yu-dane; [jɯ̟da̠ne̞]) is a paste of flour cooked in water or milk to over 65 °C (149 °F) which is used to improve the texture of bread and increase the amount of time it takes to stale.
Tangzhong is a gel, which helps stabilize the wheat starches in the bread, to prevent recrystallization which is the main cause of staling. The Chinese characters for the technique translate to "hot water seed".

Morning Buns

Kahm

Kahm or Kahm yeast is a layer of wild yeast which sometimes is formed on fermented foods such as sauerkraut. It is typically harmless but the smell and appearance tends to spoil the food. The yeast genera which form these films include Debaryomyces, Mycoderma and Pichia.

Babka

A babka, or an Ugat Shmarim (Hebrew: עוגת שמרים) is a sweet braided cake or viennoiserie that originated in the Jewish communities of Poland and Western Ukraine. It is popular in Israel where it is known as a yeast cake. It is also popular in the Jewish diaspora. It is prepared with a yeast-leavened dough that is rolled out and spread with a filling such as chocolate, cinnamon, fruit, or cheese, then rolled up and braided before baking.

Idli

Idli = karthi or idly (/ˈɪdliː/; plural: idlis) is a type of savoury rice cake, originating from South India, popular as a breakfast food in Southern India and in Sri Lanka. The cakes are made by steaming a batter consisting of fermented de-husked black lentils and rice. The fermentation process breaks down the starches so that they are more readily metabolised by the body.
Idli has several variations, including rava idli, which is made from semolina. Regional variants include sanna of Konkan.

Fermentation

Fermentation is a type of anaerobic metabolism which harnesses the redox potential of the reactants to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and organic end products. Organic molecules, such as glucose or other sugars, are catabolized and their electrons are transferred to other organic molecules (cofactors, coenzymes, etc.). Anaerobic glycolysis is a related term used to describe the occurrence of fermentation in organisms (usually multicellular organisms such as animals) when aerobic respiration cannot keep up with the ATP demand, due to insufficient oxygen supply or anaerobic conditions.

Leaven

In cooking, a leavening agent (/ˈlɛvənɪŋ/) or raising agent, also called a leaven (/ˈlɛvən/) or leavener, is any one of a number of substances used in doughs and batters that cause a foaming action (gas bubbles) that lightens and softens the mixture. An alternative or supplement to leavening agents is mechanical action by which air is incorporated (i.e. kneading). Leavening agents can be biological or synthetic chemical compounds. The gas produced is often carbon dioxide, or occasionally hydrogen.

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